Glossary

Stones placed in a trench to form a space for surplus water while it percolates into the soil.

French: fossé couvert/drain à cailloux/drainage par rigoles remplies de matières filtrantes

The number of vibrations or oscillations occurring in one second, designated Hertz (Hz).

French: fréquence

German: Häufigkeit, Frequenz, Schwingzahl

Spanish: frecuencia

Italian: frequenza

Portuguese: frequencia

Dutch: frequentie

French: eau douce

German: Süßwasser

Spanish: agua dulce

Italian: acqua dolce

Portuguese: agua doce

Dutch: zoetwater

French: roche friable

German: bröckliges Gestein

Spanish: roca friable

Italian: roccia friabile

Portuguese: rocha friavel

Dutch: brossige rots

French: frottement

German: Reibung

Spanish: rozamiento, fricción

Italian: attrito

Portuguese: atrito

Dutch: wrijving

A pile which derives most or all of its resistance to load by the friction developed between the side surface of the pile and the soils through which it is driven.

French: pieu flottant

German: Reibungspfahl

Spanish: pilote flotante

Italian: palo portante per attrito

Portuguese: estaca flutuante (estaca por atrito lateral)

Dutch: wrijvingspaal

A pile that achieves support from the combination of side friction and toe (end) bearing.

French: gel, gelée

German: Frost

Spanish: helada

Italian: gelo

Portuguese: gelo

Dutch: vorst

The depth below the surface to which moisture filled soils may freeze. Foundations must be carried to below the frost line to minimize danger of frost heave. Also called Frost Penetration.

French: limite de gel/de givrage

The phenomenon occurring when water in soil is subjected to freezing and thawing. Freezing, because of the water-ice phase change or ice lens growth, results in a total volume increase and /or the build-up of expansive forces under confined conditions, an

French: action du gel